Zygomatic, pterygoid, trans-sinus, tilted implants, and long cantilevered prostheses as alternatives to sinus lift

There are many other options for rehabilitating atrophic maxillae apart from sinus lift procedures and short implants. Many of these procedures are not back-up by solid scientific evidence, but may work clinically. a critical review of the literature will be made focusing on the available evidence and particular emphasis will be given to complications, that, as in the case of zygomatic implants, may be also severe. Likely in the near future, these alternative treatment options will be investigated more systematically.